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From: Khanewal Education Khanewal News <muhammadazam0786@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, May 7, 2017 at 2:38 PM
Subject:
To: Muhammad Azam <muhammadazam0786@gmail.com>
From: Khanewal Education Khanewal News <muhammadazam0786@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, May 7, 2017 at 2:38 PM
Subject:
To: Muhammad Azam <muhammadazam0786@gmail.com>
Basic Hearing Impairment Terminology
1. Audiometric Calibration: It refers to the evaluation whether an audiometer is working according to its specified standards or not. _
2. Sound Level Indicator/ Sound Pressure Level Meter: A tool used to
identify the level of sound produced by any object (man, speaker etc.)
: Transducer: An electronic device that converts one form of energy into another form of energy e.g. Microphone, loudspeaker, antenna etc.
4. Acoustic Impedance: It refers to the barrier in the flow of sousd through a medium.
5. Sinusoid: Wave form of pure tone at one level of I A A A f\ f frequency. V V V' \7 V/
6 Inter-aural attenuation: Decrease of amount of sound when it travels from one ear to another e.g. in crossing hearing.
Cross Hearing: It refers to sound pressure presented to one ear heard by another ear.
Residual hearing: Refers to the hearing that remains after a ne?son has experienced a hearing loss.
Four Basic elements of Audiometric Testing: Pure tone/speech, Transducers (headphone). Responses, and Interpretation of hearing loss. Free field audiometry: This is a similar to pure tone audiometry test, but headphones are not used. This means that both ears are tested together, and even though the test will usually be done in a soundproof room, it gives an indication of how a person can hear in an everyday situation. I Tactile Response: A response to stimuli that may be caused by the feeling of vibration of bone oscillators in bone conduction rather than hearing the actual sound.
12. Bone Oscillators: An electronic device which is usually placed on mastoid bone and it moves the bone (skull) back and forth to transmit sound to the ear in bone conduction. Bone oscillators change the electrical energy into mechanical energy. Bone oscillators are placed on mastoid bone or on forehead. Due to its placement on forehead it is also sometimes called forehead oscillator. : ENT Specialist. An ear, nose and throat doctor, also called an otolaryngologist.
14. Hearing therapists: They provide prefitting and supportive counselling, programmes of rehabilitation, optimization and fitting of hearing aids, and assessment for provision of assistive devices.
15. Speech and Language Pathalogist (SLP): He is responsible for providing speech therapy services.
16. Audiologists: It refers to professional responsible for prevention, screening, diagnosing hearing, evaluation of vestibular system (balance), guidance and counseling of persons who born deaf, assessment and provision of hearing aids.
17. Voice Pitch Indicator: A tool used to indicate the level of pitch of sound.
18. Speech Timing Equipment: A tool that uses a recorded timed speech. It may also be used to record the speech for a certain time.
19. Most Comfortable Listing Level (MCL): Most comfortable listening is typically a range, not a specific level or a single value. So most comfortable listening level means range of frequencies where listener can understand the tone or speech. It is 40-55 dB above threshold.
20. Uncomfortable Listening Level (UCL): This tells the uncomfortable listening level a listener feels loud or soft..
21. Loudness Discomfort Level: It refers to loudest sounds that can be tolerated by young normal listeners (Usually 120-130 dB).
22. Acceptable Noise Level (ANL): Amount of background noise that a listener is willing to accept while listening to speech.
23. Intensity Level of normal discussion: Normal discussion is done at the level of 45 dB.
24. Frequency Level of normal discussion: Normal discussion is done at the frequencies level of 500 Hz to 3000 Hz.
25. Normal Hearing Level: It is generally 0-20 dB. It is also classified into two categories for children and adults as under: (0-15 dB for children) (0-25 dB for adults).
26. Zero decibel sound (0 dB): 0 dB does not mean that there is no sound. In fact at 0 dB, softest sound can be heard by a person with normal hearing ability approximately 50% of the time.
27. Ambient Sound Level/Background Noise Level (BNL): It refers to unwanted sound / noise level at a given location and time which interferes with the sound under use.
28. Pure Tone: It refers to single frequency sound e.g. 250 Hz or 500 Hz etc.
29. Frequency range in normal hearing: A person with normal hearing can hear frequencies of 20-2000 Hz.
30. Sensitive Frequencies: The ear is most sensitive between frequencies 1000 --4000 Hz.
31. Speech Frequencies: Frequencies of 500, 1000, 2000 Hz are called speech frequencies as most uf human voice falls within this range.
32. Sensation Level (dB SL): Intensity (loudness) level of sound above the threshold of a person. If a person has threshold level 10 dB and he / she is detected hearing loss at 50 dB. His/her sensation level would be 40 dB. Level of hearing loss - level of threshold = Sensation Level. 50 dB - 10 dB = 40 dB.
33. Dynamic Range of Human Hearing: It refers to the difference between the quietest sounds we can hear (the threshold of hearing-0 dB) and the sounds that are so loud that they cause pain (the threshold of pain-120dB). 0 dB - 120 dB= 120 dB.
34. Threshold: It refers to softest sound that can be heard at each frequency approximately 50% of the time. ^ J&~>* ^ J^> ^ >?■ jl} UUJ ^4
35. Threshold of Pain: It refers to minimum sound intensity at which a person starts to feel pain. It is usually considered 120 dB.
36. Threshold Search Method for Air Conduction: Every time the listener raises his / her hand to indicate the sound, decrease tone by 10 dB for the same frequency. If he/she can't hear it then increase it by 5 dB for the same frequency. (Looking for 3 ascending responses).
37. Speech Reception Threshold (SRT): The minimum intensity in decibels at which a patient can understand 50% of spoken words; used in tests of speech audiometry. Also called speech recognition threshold. It is also called threshold of hearing (TOH). Spondee words are used in SRT (Words having two syllables pronounced with equal stress and effort (baseball, hotdog etc.)
38. Speech Reference Level/Speech Detection Threshold (SDT): It is also called cold running speech.
39. Acoustic: Science of sound.
40. Acoustician: A scientist who works in the field of acoustics.
41. Discrimination Score (DS): Score obtained by the listener/participant.
42. Speech Spectrum Display (Spectogram/voice print/voice gram): Visual representation of change of frequencies of sound over time.
43. Speech Analyzer: A computer program used for analysis of speech. It helps to analyze the deficiency / problems of speech and helps to improve it.
44. Dactyl Speech: Finger spelling.
45. Visible Speech: It is system of phonetic symbols developed by Alexander
Bell in 1867 to represent sounds.
(Non-Vocal)
46. Cued Speech: Cued Speech is a visual mode of ed Sp©ee communication in^ which mouth movements of speech combine with "cues" to make the sounds (phonemes) of traditional spoken languages look different. Cueing allows users who are deaf, hard of hearing or who have language / communication disorders to access the basic, fundamental properties of spoken languages through the use of vision. It uses a small number of handshapes, known as cues, (representing consonants) in different locations near the mouth f representing vowels), as a supplement to speech-reading. It is similar to sign language but not a sign language. Cued uses 8 handshapes for consonant phonemes and 4 locations near mouth for vowel phonemes.
47. Sign Language: It is a language which chiefly uses manual communication to convey meaning, as opposed to acoustically conveyed sound patterns. It can involve simultaneously combining hand shapes, orientation and movement of the hands, arms or body, and facial expressions to express a speaker's thoughts. The best way to learn sign language is to communicate with the deaf practically or teaching deaf students. Two best books on Pakistani Sign Language (PSL) have been designed by Family Educational Services Foundation (FESF) titled as '1000 Basic Signs' & '5000 Signs'.
48. Ototoxicity: Hearing loss caused by medications.
49. Ototoxic Drugs: Drugs affecting the ear and balance system of human.
50. Otalgia: It refers to ear pain.
51. Otoscopy: Ear examination performed to check the presence of earwax and hole in the eardrum with the help of otoscope.
52. Needed Acoustic Gain (NAG): It refers to level of sound one needs without feedback.
t-A'.i - f-QTontial ncoustic '..'."in
53. Acoustic Gain/Potential Acoustic Gain
(PAG): It refers to calculated sound without
feedback. PAG (level of sound) increases ; N s
with the decrease of distance between listener
and speakers/source and decreases with the t\
increase of distance. It is determined with the help of formula.
54. Feedback / Audio Feedback / Acoustic Feedback/ Larsen Effect: It refers to the sound produced by the speakers which re-enters again and again into the microphone and thus create trouble for listener to comprehend the speech.
55. Teaching Method of Deaf:
i. Total Communication (TC): It is an approach or philosophy of educating
children with hearing loss by using all means of communication (oral,
written, visual, sign language, gestures, lip reading, speech reading, finger
spelling, body language AV aids etc.) depending on the needs of the
children. Children in TC programs typically wear hearing aids or cochlear
implant. The main goal of TC is to maximize / optimize the language
development of the individual child. It is a philosophy rather than
methodology.
ii. Simultaneous Communication (Simcom): It is a methodology rather
than philosophy. It is often confused with TC but it is only a combination
of Sign Language and Spoken Language.
iii. Auditory-Aural/Oral Method: This teaching approach does not use sign
language, but instead teaches the Language through residual hearing and
speech. It focuses on the speaking and speech production. Primary
Teacher is speech therapist.
iv. Auditory-Verbal Method: This teaching approach also does not use sign
language, but instead teaches the Language through residual hearing and
speech. It focuses on the hearing and listening than speech production
Parents are primary teacher than speech therapist.
56. Curriculum for Deaf: Curriculum for elementary classes of Hearing
Impaired Children has been developed. It is based on pre-reading, pre-writing
and pre-arithmetic skills. It also consists of basic religious knowledge and
character building. Necessary modification and adjustments in Normal School
Curriculum of Class I t o V has been made for hearing impaired children and
it is being implemented in Federal Government Special Education Centres,
Provincial Government Centres and NGOs. Work on necessary modifications
and adjustments in Middle School Curriculum of ordinary school for Hearing
Impaired Children is in progress. Teaching methodology for I Iearing Impaired
children is through direct experience, visual aids, written language, spoken
language, sign language. Emphasis is on language teaching with short and
easy sentences. National language is used in teaching emphasis is on visual
aids. However, Pakistani Sign Language is also used.
57. Hearing Dogs for the Deaf: A hearing dog is trained to alert an individual who is deaf or hard of hearing to various sounds such a telephone ring, doorbell, alarm clock, kitchen timer, tea-kettle whistle, and baby cry. Hearing dogs give their human partners a greater feeling of safety and security, and they provide wonderful companionship. Usually 6 months to year training is imparted to a dog of at least 6 months old. Mostly 18 months to 3 years old dogs are placed with deaf partners. The training of dog usually costs 20,000 dollars, and above. Hearing dog is recommended for a person having about 65 dB hearing loss usually at the age of 18 years and above. Dog of any race/breed can be trained by the training companies. Deaf partner must notice the movements of hearing dog and analyze its alertness. Companies also impart placement training to the dog and deaf partner at home for 3 to 5 days.
58. Decibel (dB): It refers to the unit of Intensity or Loudness of sound. Deci is used here for 1/10 and bel for Abraham Graham Bel. Combination of Deci and bel is Decibel.
60. Complex Sound: It refers to sound with more than one frequency. Human voice is complex sound.
61. Noise: It refers to unwanted sound. A sound becomes noise when it interferes with normal activities, such as sleep or conversation. A noise can be pleasant (music) or unpleasant (hammer strike) depending upon the listener's activity, attitude and past experience.
62. Colour Noise: Colour noise is a filtered noise, not a pure noise. This is usually used for masking, relaxation, to enhance the focus and it helps in
White Noise: It refers to energy (loudness) at all frequencies OR energy per frequency.
Pink Noise: It refers to equal energy per octave. Pink noise is a noise in which volume is reduced to 3 dB at each octave to have an equal energy at each octave.
(Octave mean difference between 100 Hz and 200 Hz is one octave, between 400 Hz and 800 Hz is also one octave, and between 500 Hz and 1000 Hz is also one octave. We hear music in octaves). Blue Noise: Blue Noise is the inverse " of pink noise. It also refers to equal energy per octave but volume is increased to 3 dB per octave NOT decreased as in pink noise.
Brown Noise/Red Noise: Brown noise refers to equal energy per octave. It is a noise in which volume is reduced to 6 dB per octave. Violet Noise: Violet Noise is the inverse of Brown Noise. It refers to equal energy per octave but volume is increased to 6 dB per octave NOT decrease as in brown noise.
63. Band: A continuous range of frequencies between two limiting frequencies. l|"
64. Bandwidth: Range of frequencies usually in standard sizes.
65. Narrow Band Noise: It is a noise centred around a particular frequency. It is used in masking. .
66. Wide Band Noise/Broadband Noise: Noise whose energy is distributed over a wide
section of the audible range as opposed to Narrowband Noise.
67. Mastoid Bone: Bone at the back of ear connected to inner ear
68. Speed Shaped Noise: It is a noise which contains more energy at low frequencies than high frequencies. It is always used for testing speech.
69. Audiology: Study of sound or hearing mechanism.
70. Base-Line Audiometery: Initial level hearing assessment.
71. Sound Field System: A sound field system is a sound system (speakers) for schools that improves the learning environment for the entire class by improving the sound environment in the classroom. Designed
specifically for speech sounds, these systems greatly enhance speech understanding. Sound field ensures an even distribution of sound from the teacher, the students and any multimedia equipment. With a sound field system, the Cf\ . students sitting in the back of the classroom hear the teacher and other students equally as well as the students sitting in front. This helps all students hear what is being said and improves their attentiveness, participation, comprehension and concentration.
72. Vowels and Consonants: There are 5 vowels and 21 consonants in 26 English alphabets. These 26 alphabets represent 44 sounds. Vowels fall in the "louder" ranges. Consonants are higher-pitched than vowels. Consonants are spoken more softly than vowel.
73. Pure Tone Average (PTA): The average of three thresholds at 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, and 2000 Hz. That is mostly at 70 dB hearing loss. PTA is only done for air conduction.
74. Air Bone Gap (ABG): It is an important feature of audiogram. In audiometry testing when a> person has conductive defect of middle ear usually otosclerosis, there may be sizeable difference between air conduction and bone conduction audiograms, so called Air-Bone Gap (ABG).*
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